Courant, Livingston, Schneider Mel Schwartz and spark chamber

1960 The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at the Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory first used strong focusing, a 1952 discovery in accelerator physics by Ernest Courant, Stanley Livingston and Hartland Schneider (above right). The AGS accelerated hair-thin beams of protons to 60 billion electron volts. No other accelerator has yet produced so many important discoveries as the AGS. One such discovery was the "Two Neutrino" experiment in 1962, in which physicists Mel Schwartz (right), Jack Steinberger and Leon Lederman discovered the muon, a second "flavor" of the elementary particles called neutrinos.