NAME
display - display an image on any workstation running X
SYNOPSIS
display [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]
DESCRIPTION
Display is a machine architecture independent image
processing and display program. It can display an image on
any workstation screen running an X server. Display can
read and write many of the more popular image formats (e.g.
JPEG, TIFF, PNM, Photo CD, etc.). With display, you can
perform these functions on an image:
o load an image from a file
o display the next image
o display the former image
o display a sequence of images as a slide show
o write the image to a file
o print the image to a Postscript printer
o delete the image file
o create a Visual Image Directory
o select the image to display by its thumbnail rather
than name
o undo last image transformation
o copy a region of the image
o paste a region to the image
o restore the image to its original size
o refresh the image
o half the image size
o double the image size
o resize the image
o crop the image
o cut the image
o flop image in the horizontal direction
o flip image in the vertical direction
o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise
o rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise
o rotate the image
o shear the image
o trim the image edges
o invert the colors of the image
o vary the color brightness
o vary the color saturation
o vary the image hue
o gamma correct the image
o sharpen the image contrast
o dull the image contrast
o perform histogram equalization on the image
o perform histogram normalization on the image
o negate the image colors
o toggle the colormap type: : Shared or Private
o reduce the speckles within an image
o eliminate peak noise from an image
o detect edges within the image
o emboss an image
o oil paint an image
o convert the image to grayscale
o set the maximum number of unique colors in the image
o segment the image by color
o apply image processing techniques to a region of
interest
o annotate the image with text
o draw on the image
o edit an image pixel color
o edit the image matte information
o composite an image with another
o add a border to the image
o add an image comment
o display information about the image
o display information about this program
o discard all images and exit program
o change the level of magnification
o display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW)
uniform resource locator (URL)
EXAMPLES
To scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in
width and 480 pixels in height and position the window at
location (200,200), use:
display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff
To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered
on a backdrop, use:
display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
To tile an image of a cockatoo onto the root window, use:
display -geometry 1280x1024! -window root cockatoo.miff
To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images,
use:
display 'vid:*.jpg'
To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480
pixels in height with 256 colors, use:
display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World
Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL), use
display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
OPTIONS
-annotate string
annotate an image with text.
Use this option to annotate an image with text.
Optionally you can include the image filename, type,
width, height, or scene number by embedding special
format characters. Embed %f for filename, %m for
magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene
number, or \n for newline. For example,
-annotate "%m:%f %wx%h"
annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an
image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480.
If the first character of string is @, the text is read
from a file titled by the remaining characters in the
string.
You can set the text position, font, and font color
with -geometry, -font, and -pen respectively.
-backdrop
display the image centered on a backdrop.
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and
is useful for hiding other X window activity while
viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is
specified as the background color. Refer to X
RESOURCES for details.
-blur factor
blurs an image. Specify factor as the percent
enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).
-border <width>x<height>fP
surround the image with a border or color. See X(1)
for details about the geometry specification.
The color of the border is obtained from the X server
and is defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See
X(1) for details.
-colormap type
the type of colormap: Shared or Private.
This option only applies when the default X server
visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale. Refer to -visual
for more details. By default, a shared colormap is
allocated. The image shares colors with other X
clients. Some image colors could be approximated,
therefore your image may look very different than
intended. Choose Private and the image colors appear
exactly as they are defined. However, other clients
may go technicolor when the image colormap is
installed.
-colors value
preferred number of colors in the image.
The actual number of colors in the image may be less
than your request, but never more. Note, this is a
color reduction option. Images with less unique colors
than specified with this option will remain unchanged.
Refer to quantize(9) for more details.
Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm.
-colorspace value
the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, XYZ, YCbCr,
YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
color space. Empirical evidence suggests that
distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do
distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give
better results when color reducing an image. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-comment string
annotate an image with a comment.
By default, each image is commented with its file name.
Use this option to assign a specific comment to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or scene number by embedding
special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %m
for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene
number, or \n for newline. For example,
-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an
image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is
480.
If the first character of string is @, the image comment is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the
string.
-compress type
the type of image compression: QEncoded or
RunlengthEncoded.
Use this option with -write to specify the the type of
image compression. See miff(5) for details.
Specify +compress to store the binary image in an
uncompressed format. The default is the compression
type of the specified image file.
-contrast
enhance or reduce the image contrast.
This option enhances the intensity differences between
the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use
-contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce
the image contrast.
-crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
preferred size and location of the cropped image. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all
sides of the image, use -crop 10%.
Use cropping to apply image processing options to, or
display, a particular area of an image. Use -crop 0x0
to remove edges that are the background color.
The equivalent X resource for this option is
cropGeometry (class CropGeometry). See X RESOURCES for
details.
-delay seconds
display the next image after pausing.
This option is useful when viewing several images in
sequence. Each image will display and wait the number
of seconds specified before the next image is
displayed. The default is to display the image and
wait until you choose to display the next image or
terminate the program.
-density <width>x<height>
vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
image.
This option specifies an image density for a Postscript
page. The default is 72 pixels per inch in the
horizontal and vertical direction. The density is
given to Ghostscript as the -r option when decoding a
Postscript image. See gs(1) for details.
-despeckle
reduce the speckles within an image.
-display host:display[.screen]
specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).
-dither
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the
intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images
which suffer from severe contouring when reducing
colors can be improved with this option.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-edge
detect edges within an image.
-enhance
apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.
-equalize
perform histogram equalization to the image.
-flip
create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image
scanlines in the vertical direction.
-flop
create a "mirror image" by reflecting the image
scanlines in the horizontal direction.
-gamma value
level of gamma correction.
The same color image displayed on two different
workstations may look different due to differences in
the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend
from 0.8 to 2.3.
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green,
and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).
-geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-
}<y offset>{!}
preferred size and location of the Image window. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification. By
default, the window size is the image size and the
location is chosen by you when it is mapped.
By default, the width and height are maximum values.
That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the
width and height value while maintaining the aspect
ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the
geometry to force the image size to exactly the size
you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the
image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If
only one factor is specified, both the width and height
assume the value.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. The image size is multiplied by the width and
height percentages to obtain the final image
dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a
value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an
image's size, use a percentage less than 100.
When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset> and
<y offset> is relative to the root window.
The equivalent X resource for this option is geometry
(class Geometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
-interlace type
the type of interlacing scheme: NONE, LINE, or PLANE.
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing
scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. NONE
means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), LINE
uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and PLANE uses
plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
Use LINE, or PLANE to create an interlaced GIF image.
-label name
assign a label to an image.
Use this option to assign a specific label to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or scene number in the label by
embedding special format characters. Embed %f for
filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height,
or %s for scene number. For example,
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an
image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is
480.
If the first character of string is @, the image label is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the
string.
When converting to Postscript, use this option to specify a
header string to print above the image.
-map type
display image using this Standard Colormap type.
Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
best
default
gray
red
green
blue
The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose,
otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and
display(1) searches the list of colormap types in top-to-
bottom order until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one
way of creating Standard Colormaps.
-matte
store matte channel if the image has one.
-modulate value
vary the hue, saturation, and brightness of an image.
Specify the percent change in hue, the color
saturation, and the brightness separated by commas.
For example, to increase the color hue by 20% and
decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the
brightness unchanged, use: -modulate 20,-10.
-monochrome
transform the image to black and white.
-negate
apply color inversion to image.
The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are
negated.
-noise
reduce the noise in an image with a noise peak
elimination filter.
The principal function of noise peak elimination filter
is to smooth the objects within an image without losing
edge information and without creating undesired
structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to
replace a pixel with its next neighbor in value within
a 3 x 3 window, if this pixel has been found to be
noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if this
pixel is a maximum or minimum within the 3 x 3 window.
-normalize
transform image to span the full range of color values.
This is a contrast enhancement technique.
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
size and location of the Postscript page.
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
Postscript page in pixels per inch or a TEXT page in
pixels. The default for a Postscript page is to center
the image on a letter page 612 by 792 pixels. The
margins are 1/2" (i.e. 612x792+36+36). Other common
sizes are:
Letter 612x 792
Tabloid 792x1224
Ledger 1224x 792
Legal 612x1008
Statement 396x 612
Executive 540x 720
A3 842x1190
A4 595x 842
A5 420x 595
B4 729x1032
B5 516x 729
Folio 612x 936
Quarto 610x 780
10x14 720x1008
For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g.
A4, Ledger, etc.).
The page geometry is relative to the vertical and horizontal
density of the Postscript page. See -density for details.
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
-pen color
set the color of the font. See -annotate for further
details.
See X(1) for details about the color specification.
-quality value
JPEG quality setting.
Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 85.
-roll {+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
roll an image vertically or horizontally. See X(1) for
details about the geometry specification.
A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A
negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
-rotate degrees
apply Paeth image rotation to the image.
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are
filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class
borderColor). See X(1) for details.
-sample geometry
scale image with pixel sampling. See -geometry for
details about the geometry specification.
-scene value
image scene number.
Use this option to specify an image sequence with a
single filename. See the discussion of file below for
details.
-sharpen factor
sharpen an image. Specify factor as the percent
enhancement (0.0 - 99.9%).
-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
shear the image along the X or Y axis by a positive or
negative shear angle.
Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y
axis, creating a parallelogram. An X direction shear
slides an edge along the X axis, while a Y direction
shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount of
the shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X
direction shears, x degrees> is measured relative to
the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears y
degrees is measured relative to the X axis.
Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are
filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class
borderColor). See X(1) for details.
-size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+colors}{!}
width and height of the image.
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw
images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB,
or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to
tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g.
-size 640x512+256).
For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
192x128
384x256
768x512
1536x1024
3072x2048
-transparency color
make this color transparent within the image.
-treedepth value
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or
one tells display to choose a optimal tree depth for
the color reduction algorithm.
An optimal depth generally allows the best
representation of the source image with the fastest
computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some
images. To assure the best representation, try values
between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-update seconds
detect when image file is modified and redisplay.
Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file
that is currently displayed is over-written. display
will automatically detect that the input file has been
changed and update the displayed image accordingly.
-verbose
print detailed information about the image.
This information is printed: image scene number; image
name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or
PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and
the number of seconds to read and transform the image.
Refer to miff(5) for a description of the image class.
If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors
in the image and color reduction error values are
printed. Refer to quantize(9) for a description of
these values.
-visual type
display image using this visual type.
Choose from these visual classes:
StaticGray
GrayScale
StaticColor
PseudoColor
TrueColor
DirectColor
default
visual id
The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise
an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual
class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the
default X server screen is chosen.
-window id
set the background pixmap of this window to the image.
id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select
X's root window as the target window.
By default the image is tiled onto the background of
the target window. If -backdrop or -geometry are
specified, the image is surrounded by the background
color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.
The image will not display on the root window if the
image has more unique colors than the target window
colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of
colors.
-write filename
write image to a file.
If file already exists, you will be prompted as to
whether it should be overwritten.
By default, the image is written in the format that it
was read in as. To specify a particular image format,
prefix file with the image type and a colon (i.e.
ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename
suffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of
valid image formats. Specify file as - for standard
output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file
size is compressed using with compress or gzip
respectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe to
a system command. If file already exists, you will be
prompted as to whether it should be overwritten.
Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.
The equivalent X resource for this option is
writeFilename (class WriteFilename). See X RESOURCES
for details.
In addition to those listed above, you can specify these
standard X resources as command line options: -background,
-bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground,
-iconGeometry, -iconic, -mattecolor, -name, or -title. See
X RESOURCES for details.
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
different effect. For example to display two images, the
first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 colors,
use:
display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff
Change - to + in any option above to reverse its effect.
For example, specify +matte to store the image without its
matte channel.
By default, the image format is determined by its magic
number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
(i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
formats.
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected
by clicking the mouse in the desired window.
Specify file as - for standard input. If file has the
extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with
uncompress or gunzip respectively. Precede the image file
name | to pipe from a system command.
Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name
to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image
format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]).
Single images are read with the filename you specify.
Alternatively, you can display an image sequence with a
single filename. Define the range of the image sequence
with -scene. Each image in the range is read with the
filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number.
You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format
specification in the file name. For example,
-scene 0-9 image%02d.miff
displays files image00.miff, image01.miff, through
image09.miff.
BUTTONS
The effects of each button press is described below. Three
buttons are required. If you have a two button mouse,
button 1 and 3 are returned. Press ALT and button 3 to
simulate button 2.
1 Press this button to map or unmap the Command widget.
See the next section for more information about the
Command widget.
2 Press and drag to define a region of the image to
magnify.
3 Choose a particular tile of the visual image directory
and press this button and drag to select a command from
a pop-up menu. Choose from these menu items:
Load
Delete
If you choose Delete, the image represented by the tile is
deleted. Otherwise, it is displayed. To return to the
visual image directory, choose Next from the Command widget
(refer to COMMAND WIDGET). See montage(1) and miff(5) for
more details.
COMMAND WIDGET
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands.
They are
File
Load...
Next
Former
Select...
Write...
Print...
Delete...
Canvas...
Slide Show
Visual Directory...
Edit
Undo
Cut
Copy
Paste
Refresh
Size
Half Size
Original Size
Double Size
Resize...
Restore
Apply
Pixel Transform
Crop
Chop
Flop
Flip
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Rotate...
Shear...
Trim Edges
Color Enhance
Hue...
Saturation...
Brightness...
Gamma...
Spiff...
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
Toggle Colormap
Effects
Despeckle
Peak Noise
Sharpen...
Blur...
Edge Detect
Emboss
Oil Painting
Segment
Grayscale
Quantize...
Image Edit
Annotate
Draw
Color
Matte
Composite...
Add Border...
Comment
Region of Interest
Info
Image Info
Version
Help
Quit
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They
are represented above as the indented items. To access a
sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and
press a button and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu
item, release the button and the command is executed. Move
the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
execute a particular command.
KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
Accelerators are one or two key presses that effect a
particular command. The keyboard accelerators that
display(1) understands is:
l Press to load an image from a file.
Refer to IMAGE LOADING for more details.
n Press to display the next image.
f Press to display the former image.
F2 Press to select an image from the command line.
w Press to write the image to a file.
p Press to print the image to a Postscript printer.
^ Press to delete an image file.
C Press to create a blank canvas.
, Press to display the next image after pausing.
V Press to create a Visual Image Directory.
Refer to VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY for more details.
u Press to undo last image transformation.
F3 Press to cut a region of the image.
Refer to IMAGE CUTTING for more details.
F4 Press to copy a region of the image.
Refer to IMAGE COPYING for more details.
F5 Press to paste a region to the image.
Refer to IMAGE PASTING for more details.
@ Press to refresh the Image window.
< Press to half the image size.
o Press to return to the original image size.
> Press to double the image size.
% Press to resize the image to a width and height you
specify.
r Press to restore the image to its original size.
A Press to make any image transformations permanent.
By default, any image size transformations are applied
to the original image to create the image displayed on
the X server. However, the transformations are not
permanent (i.e. the original image does not change size
only the X image does). For example, if you press >
the X image will appear to double in size, but the
orginal image will in fact remain the same size. To
force the original image to double in size, press >
followed by A.
[ Press to crop the image.
Refer to IMAGE CROPPING for more details.
] Press to chop the image.
Refer to IMAGE CHOPPING for more details.
| Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.
- Press to flip image in the vertical direction.
/ Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.
Press to rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise.
* Press to rotate the image the number of degrees you
specify.
Refer to IMAGE ROTATION for more details.
s Press to shear the image the number of degrees you
specify.
t Press to trim the image edges.
F7 Press to vary the color hue.
F8 Press to vary the color saturation.
F9 Press to vary the image brightness.
g Press to gamma correct the image.
F10 Press to spiff up the image contrast.
F11 Press to dull the image contrast.
= Press to perform histogram equalization on the image.
N Press to perform histogram normalization on the image.
~ Press to negate the colors of the image.
F12 toggle the colormap type: : Shared or Private
D Press to reduce the speckles in an image.
P Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.
S Press to sharpen an image.
B Press to blur image an image.
E Press to detect edges within an image.
M Press to emboss an image.
O Press to oil paint an image.
G Press to convert the image colors to gray.
# Press to set the maximum number of unique colors in the
image.
Z Press to segment the image by color.
R Press to apply an image processing technique to a
region of interest.
Refer to REGION OF INTEREST for more details.
a Press to annotate the image with text.
Refer to IMAGE ANNOTATION for more details.
d Press to draw a line on the image.
Refer to IMAGE DRAWING for more details.
C Press to edit an image pixel color.
Refer to COLOR EDITING for more details.
m Press to edit the image matte information.
Refer to MATTE EDITING for more details.
x Press to composite the image with another.
Refer to IMAGE COMPOSITING for more details.
a Press to add a border to the image.
! Press to add an image comment.
i Press to display information about the image.
v Press to display the version number of display(1).
h Press to display helpful information about display(1).
Function keys HELP or F1 are synonymous with the h key.
q Press to discard all images and exit program.
1-9 Press to change the level of magnification.
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down,
left, or right within the magnify window. Be sure to first
map the magnify window by pressing button 2.
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel
from any side of the image.
X RESOURCES
Display options can appear on the command line or in your X
resource file. Options on the command line supersede values
specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for more
information on X resources.
Most display options have a corresponding X resource. In
addition, display uses the following X resources:
background (class Background)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image
window background. The default is #ccc.
borderColor (class BorderColor)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image
window border. The default is black.
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window
border. The default is 2.
editorCommand (class editorCommand)
Specifies the name of the preferred editor when editing
image comments. The default is nedit %s.
font (class FontList)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
normal formatted text. The default is 14 point
Helvetica.
font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use when
annotating the Image window with text. The default
fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8, 6x10, 7x13bold,
8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24. Refer to IMAGE
ANNOTATION for more details.
foreground (class Foreground)
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within
the Image window. The default is black.
geometry (class Geometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image
window. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
managers.
iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the
application when iconified. It is not necessarily
obeyed by all window managers.
iconic (class Iconic)
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the
application's windows initially not be visible as if
the windows had be immediately iconified by you.
Window managers may choose not to honor the
application's request.
magnify (class Magnify)
specifies an integral factor by which the image should
be enlarged. The default is 3.
This value only affects the magnification window which
is invoked with button number 3 after the image is
displayed. Refer to BUTTONS for more details.
matteColor (class MatteColor)
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the
backgrounds of windows, menus, and notices. A 3D
effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow
colors derived from this color. Default value: #ccc.
name (class Name)
This resource specifies the name under which resources
for the application should be found. This resource is
useful in shell aliases to distinguish between
invocations of an application, without resorting to
creating links to alter the executable file name. The
default is the application name.
pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
Specifies the color of the preferred font to use when
annotating the Image window with text. The default
colors are black, blue, green, cyan, gray, red,
magenta, yellow, and white. Refer to IMAGE ANNOTATION
for more details.
printCommand (class PrintCommand)
This command is executed whenever Print is issued (see
BUTTONS. In general, it is the command to print
Postscript to your printer. Default value: lpr %s.
sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
This resource specifies whether display should attempt
use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be
compiled with shared memory support, and the display
must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this
resource is ignored. The default is True.
textFont (class textFont)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
fixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default
is 14 point Courier.
title (class Title)
This resource specifies the title to be used for the
Image window. This information is sometimes used by a
window manager to provide a header identifying the
window. The default is the image file name.
usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
Images are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this
resource to True to utilize a server Pixmap instead.
This option is useful if your image exceeds the
dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan
the image. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than
with a XImage. Pixmaps are considered a precious
resource, use them with discretion.
IMAGE LOADING
To select an image to display, choose Load of the File sub-
menu from the Command widget. A file browser is displayed.
To choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the
filename and press any button. The filename is copied to
the text window. Next, press Load or press the RETURN key.
Alternatively, you can type the image file name directly
into the text window. To descend directories, choose a
directory name and press the button twice quickly. A
scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved
through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list
area.
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing
characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only files that
end with .jpg.
To select your image from the X server screen instead of
from a file, Choose Grab of the Load widget.
VISUAL IMAGE DIRECTORY
To create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory
of the File sub-menu from the Command widget. A file
browser is displayed. To create a Visual Image Directory
from all the images in the current directory, press
Directory or press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can
select a set of image names by using shell globbing
characters. For example, type *.jpg to include only files
that end with .jpg. To descend directories, choose a
directory name and press the button twice quickly. A
scrollbar allows a large list of filenames to be moved
through the viewing area if it exceeds the size of the list
area.
After you select a set of files, they are turned into
thumbnails and tiled onto a single image. Now move the
pointer to a particular thumbnail and press button 3 and
drag. Finally, select Load. The image represented by the
thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from
the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the
Visual Image Directory.
IMAGE CUTTING
Note that cut information for Image window is not retained
for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,
StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct cutting
behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
Standard Colormap.
To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press
F3 in the Image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode,
the Command widget has these options:
Help
Return
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut
region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or
contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied
with the cut region, release the button. You are now in
rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Cut
Help
Return
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
cut rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region. To exit
without cutting the image, press Return.
IMAGE COPYING
To begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press
F4 in the Image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode,
the Command widget has these options:
Help
Return
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy
region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or
contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied
with the copy region, release the button. You are now in
rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Copy
Help
Return
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit
without copying the image, press Return.
IMAGE PASTING
To begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from the
Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press
F5 in the Image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit
immediately, press Return. In Paste mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
replace
Help
Return
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of
the Command widget. How each operator behaves is described
below. Image window is the image currently displayed on
your X server and image is the image obtained with the File
Browser widget.
over The result is the union of the two image shapes,
with image obscuring Image window in the region of
overlap.
in The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window. None of the image data of Image
window is in the result.
out The resulting image is image with the shape of
Image window cut out.
atop The result is the same shape as image Image window,
with image obscuring Image window where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over
because the portion of image outside Image window's
shape does not appear in the result.
xor The result is the image data from both image and
Image window that is outside the overlap region.
The overlap region is blank.
plus The result is just the sum of the image data.
Output values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).
This operation is independent of the matte
channels.
minus The result of image - Image window, with underflow
cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set
to 255, full coverage).
add The result of image + Image window, with overflow
wrapping around (mod 256).
subtract The result of image - Image window, with underflow
wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible
transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - Image window). This is
useful for comparing two very similar images.
replace The resulting image is Image window replaced with
image. Here the matte information is ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in
the image for some operations. This extra channel usually
defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter
for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full
coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not
have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel
matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
See MATTE EDITING for a method of defining a matte channel.
Note that matte information for Image window is not retained
for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,
StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing
behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default
operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to
composite your image and press a button. Press and hold the
button before releasing and an outline of the image will
appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However,
the color that appears in Image window may be different.
For example, on a monochrome screen Image window will appear
black or white even though your pasted image may have many
colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written with
the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved
in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to
DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to
remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
IMAGE CROPPING
To begin, press choose Crop of the Pixel Transform sub-menu
from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).
Alternatively, press [ in the Image window (see KEYBOARD
ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode,
the Command widget has these options:
Help
Return
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The
cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that
expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you
are satisfied with the cropping region, release the button.
You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Crop
Help
Return
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the
cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging.
Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To exit
without cropping the image, press Return.
IMAGE CHOPPING
An image is chopped interactively. There is no command line
argument to chop an image. To begin, choose Chop of the
Pixel Transform sub-menu from the Command widget (see
COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press ] in the Image window
(see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press
Return. In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:
Direction
horizontal
vertical
Help
Return
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the
default), the area of the image between the two horizontal
endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the area
of the image between the two vertical endpoints of the chop
line is removed.
Select a location within the Image window to begin your
chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer to
another location in the image. As you move a line will
connect the initial location and the pointer. When you
release the button, the area within the image to chop is
determined by which direction you choose from the Command
widget.
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the
starting point of the line and release the button.
IMAGE ROTATION
Press the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to
rotate -90 degrees (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS). To
interactively choose the degree of rotation, choose
Rotate... of the Pixel Transform submenu from the Command
Widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press * in the
Image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You
are now in rotate mode. To exit immediately, press Return.
In rotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
Pixel Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Direction
horizontal
vertical
Help
Return
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.
Additional background colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more
details.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can
select the background color by moving the pointer to the
desired color on the screen and press any button.
Choose a point in the Image window and press this button and
hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the
image. As you move a line connects the initial location and
the pointer. When you release the button, the degree of
image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you
just drew. The slope is relative to the direction you
choose from the Direction sub-menu of the Command widget.
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the
starting point of the line and release the button.
IMAGE ANNOTATION
An image is annotated interactively. There is no command
line argument to annotate an image. To begin, choose
Annotate of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget
(see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press a in the Image
window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit
immediately, press Return. In annotate mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Font Name
fixed
variable
5x8
6x10
7x13bold
8x13bold
9x15bold
10x20
12x24
Browser...
Font Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Rotate Text
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
Dialog...
Help
Return
Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional
font names can be specified with the font browser. You can
change the menu names by setting the X resources font1
through font9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu.
Additional font colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more
details.
If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can
choose the font color by moving the pointer to the desired
color on the screen and press any button.
If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from
the menu and select an angle. Typically you will only want
to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the
angle you choose, subsequent lines may end up overwriting
each other.
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font
is fixed and the default color is black. However, you must
choose a location to begin entering text and press a button.
An underscore character will appear at the location of the
pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate you are
in text mode. To exit immediately, press Return.
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at
the location of the underscore and advance the underscore
cursor. Enter your text and once completed press Return to
finish your image annotation. To correct errors press BACK
SPACE. To delete an entire line of text, press DELETE. Any
text that exceeds the boundaries of the Image window is
automatically continued onto the next line.
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the
image. However, the color that appears in your Image window
may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
text will appear black or white even if you choose the color
red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file
with -write is written with red lettering. To assure the
correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image
is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a
PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
IMAGE COMPOSITING
An image composite is created interactively. There is no
command line argument to composite an image. To begin,
choose Composite of the Image Edit from the Command widget
(see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press x in the Image
window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an
image name. Press Composite, Grab or type a file name.
Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite image.
When you choose Grab, move the pointer to the desired window
and press any button.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in composite mode. To exit
immediately, press Return. In composite mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Operators
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
replace
Help
Return
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of
the Command widget. How each operator behaves is described
below. Image window is the image currently displayed on
your X server and image is the image obtained with the File
Browser widget.
over The result is the union of the two image shapes,
with image obscuring Image window in the region of
overlap.
in The result is simply image cut by the shape of
image window. None of the image data of Image
window is in the result.
out The resulting image is image with the shape of
Image window cut out.
atop The result is the same shape as image Image window,
with image obscuring Image window where the image
shapes overlap. Note this differs from over
because the portion of image outside Image window's
shape does not appear in the result.
xor The result is the image data from both image and
Image window that is outside the overlap region.
The overlap region is blank.
plus The result is just the sum of the image data.
Output values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).
This operation is independent of the matte
channels.
minus The result of image - Image window, with underflow
cropped to zero. The matte channel is ignored (set
to 255, full coverage).
add The result of image + Image window, with overflow
wrapping around (mod 256).
subtract The result of image - Image window, with underflow
wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible
transformations.
difference
The result of abs(image - Image window). This is
useful for comparing two very similar images.
replace The resulting image is Image window replaced with
image. Here the matte information is ignored.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in
the image for some operations. This extra channel usually
defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter
for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full
coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not
have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel
matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255.
See MATTE EDITING for a method of defining a matte channel.
Note that matte information for Image window is not retained
for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,
StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing
behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a
Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default
operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to
composite your image and press a button. Press and hold the
button before releasing and an outline of the image will
appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However,
the color that appears in Image window may be different.
For example, on a monochrome screen Image window will appear
black or white even though your composited image may have
many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written
with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are
saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted
to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image
to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
COLOR EDITING
Changing the the color of a set of pixels is performed
interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a
pixel. To begin, choose Color from the Image Edit submenu
of the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively,
press c in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit
immediately, press Return. In color edit mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Pixel Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Method
point
replace
floodfill
Undo
Help
Return
Choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu.
Additional pixel colors can be specified with the color
browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X
resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more
details.
Next, choose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu
of the Command widget. The point method recolors any pixel
selected with the pointer unless the button is released.
The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color
of the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill
recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
select with a button press and is a neighbor.
Now press a button to select a pixel within the Image window
to change its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as
prescribed by the method you choose. If the Magnify widget
is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer
within the image (refer to button 2).
The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the
image. However, the color that appears in your Image window
may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the
pixel will appear black or white even if you choose the
color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a
file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the
correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image
is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a
PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
MATTE EDITING
Matte information within an image is useful for some
operations such as image compositing (See IMAGE
COMPOSITING). This extra channel usually defines a mask
which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for
pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and
255 on the boundary.
Setting the matte information in an image is done
interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a
pixel. To begin, and choose Matte of the Image Edit sub-
menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET).
Alternatively, press m in the image window (see KEYBOARD
ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit
immediately, press Return. In matte edit mode, the Command
widget has these options:
Method
point
replace
floodfill
Matte
Undo
Help
Return
Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of
the Command widget. The point method changes the matte
value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the
button is released. The replace method changes the matte
value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
select with a button press. Floodfill changes the matte
value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you
select with a button press and is a neighbor.
Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte
value. Enter a value between 0 and 255. This value is
assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel or pixels.
Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image
window to change its matte value. If the Magnify widget is
mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within
the image (refer to button 2).
Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image.
Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass
(see miff(5)). Note that matte information for PseudoClass
is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g.
StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor) unless you
immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write).
Correct matte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or
DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
IMAGE DRAWING
An image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command
line argument to draw on an image. To begin, choose Draw of
the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND
WIDGET). Alternatively, press d in the Image window (see
KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in
draw mode. To exit immediately, press Return. In draw
mode, the Command widget has these options:
Primitive
line
rectangle
fill rectangle
Color
black
blue
cyan
green
gray
red
magenta
yellow
white
Browser...
Width
1
2
4
6
8
Dialog...
Undo
Help
Return
Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional
colors can be specified with the color browser. You can
change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1
through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can
select the primitive color by moving the pointer to the
desired color on the screen and press any button.
Choose a line width from the Width sub-menu. To choose a
specific width select the Dialog widget.
Choose a point in the Image window and press a button and
hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the
image. As you move, a line connects the initial location
and the pointer. When you release the button, the image is
updated with the primitive you just drew.
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the
starting point of the line and release the button.
REGION OF INTEREST
To begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel
Transform sub-menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND
WIDGET). Alternatively, press R in the Image window (see
KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in
the image window. You are now in region of interest mode.
In region of interest mode, the Command widget has these
options:
Help
Return
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag.
The region of interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle
that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once
you are satisfied with the region of interest, release the
button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the
Command widget has these options:
File
Image Info
Edit
Undo
Pixel Transform
Flip
Flop
Rotate Right
Rotate Left
Color Enhance
Brightness...
Saturation...
Hue...
Gamma...
Sharpen...
Dull
Equalize
Normalize
Negate
Effects
Despeckle
Peak Noise
Sharpen
Blur
Edge Detect
Emboss
Oil Painting
Segment
Grayscale
Quantize...
Help
Return
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving
the pointer to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a
button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image processing
technique from the Command widget. You can choose more than
one image processing technique to apply to an area.
Alternatively, you can move the region of interest before
applying another image processing technique. To exit, press
Return.
IMAGE PANNING
When an image exceeds the width or height of the X server
screen, display maps a small panning icon. The rectangle
within the panning icon shows the area that is currently
displayed in the the Image window. To pan about the image,
press any button and drag the pointer within the panning
icon. The pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the
Image window is updated to reflect the location of the
rectangle within the panning icon. When you have selected
the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down,
left, or right within the Image window.
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller
than the dimensions of the X server screen.
ENVIRONMENT
display
To get the default host, display number, and screen.
SEE ALSO
animate(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), mosaic(1),
convert(1), segment(1), combine(1), xtp(1)
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1995 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this
software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby
granted without fee, provided that the above copyright
notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours
and Company not be used in advertising or publicity
pertaining to distribution of the software without specific,
written prior permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company makes no representations about the suitability of
this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
without express or implied warranty.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all
warranties with regard to this software, including all
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no
event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable
for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any
damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or
profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or
other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with
the use or performance of this software.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics
a reality.
Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway made hundreds of
suggestions and bug reports. Without Peder, ImageMagick
would not be nearly as useful as it is today.
Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah. Image
compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster
Toolkit.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
providing a computing environment that made this program
possible.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The
spacial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on
his Img software.
AUTHORS
John Cristy, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Incorporated