NAME
animate - display a sequence of images on any workstation
running X
SYNOPSIS
animate [ options ...] file [ [ options ...] file ...]
DESCRIPTION
animate displays a sequence of images on any workstation
display running an X server. animate first determines the
hardware capabilities of the workstation. If the number of
unique colors in an image is less than or equal to the
number the workstation can support, the image is displayed
in an X window. Otherwise the number of colors in the image
is first reduced to match the color resolution of the
workstation before it is displayed.
This means that a continuous-tone 24 bits-per-pixel image
can display on a 8 bit pseudo-color device or monochrome
device. In most instances the reduced color image closely
resembles the original. Alternatively, a monochrome or
pseudo-color image sequence can display on a continuous-tone
24 bits-per-pixel device.
To help prevent color flashing on X server visuals that have
colormaps, animate creates a single colormap from the image
sequence. This can be rather time consuming. You can speed
this operation up by reducing the colors in the image before
you `animate' them. Use mogrify to color reduce the images
to a single colormap. See mogrify(1) for details.
Alternatively, you can use a Standard Colormap; or a static,
direct, or true color visual. You can define a Standard
Colormap with xstdcmap. See XSTDCMAP(1) for details. This
method is recommended for colormapped X server because it
eliminates the need to compute a global colormap.
EXAMPLES
To animate a set of images of a cockatoo, use:
animate cockatoo.*
To animate a cockatoo image sequence while using the
Standard Colormap "best", use:
xstdcmap -best
animate -map best cockatoo.*
To animate an image of a cockatoo without a border centered
on a backdrop, use:
animate +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.*
OPTIONS
-backdrop
display the image centered on a backdrop.
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and
is useful for hiding other X window activity while
viewing the image sequence. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the background color. Refer to X
RESOURCES for details.
-colormap type
the type of colormap: Shared or Private.
This option only applies when the default X server
visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale. Refer to -visual
for more details. By default, a shared colormap is
allocated. The image shares colors with other X
clients. Some image colors could be approximated,
therefore your image may look very different than
intended. Choose Private and the image colors appear
exactly as they are defined. However, other clients
may go "technicolor" when the image colormap is
installed.
-colors value
preferred number of colors in the image.
The actual number of colors in the image may be less
than your request, but never more. Note, this is a
color reduction option. Images with less unique colors
than specified with this option will remain unchanged.
Refer to quantize(9) for more details.
Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm.
-colorspace value
the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB, XYZ, YCbCr,
YIQ, YPbPr, or YUV.
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
color space. Empirical evidence suggests that
distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do
distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give
better results when color reducing an image. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-delay milliseconds
display the next image after pausing.
This option is useful for regulating the display of the
sequence of images. milliseconds milliseconds must
expire before the display of the next image. The
default is 100 milliseconds between each frame of the
image sequence.
-crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
preferred size and location of the cropped image. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all
sides of the image, use -crop 10%.
Use cropping to apply image processing options, or
display, only a particular area of an image. Use -crop
0x0 to remove edges that are the background color.
The equivalent X resource for this option is
cropGeometry (class CropGeometry). See X RESOURCES for
details.
-density <width>x<height>
vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the
image.
This option specifies an image density for a Postscript
page. The default is 72 pixels per inch in the
horizontal and vertical direction. The density is
given to Ghostscript as the -r option when decoding a
Postscript image. See gs(1) for details.
-display host:display[.screen]
specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).
-dither
apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the
intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images
which suffer from severe contouring when reducing
colors can be improved with this option.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-gamma value
level of gamma correction.
The same color image displayed on two different
workstations may look different due to differences in
the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend
from 0.8 to 2.3.
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green,
and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).
-geometry <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-
}<y offset>{!}
preferred size and location of the Image window. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification. By
default, the window size is the image size and the
location is choosen by you when it is mapped.
By default, the width and height are maximum values.
That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the
width and height value while maintaining the aspect
ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the
geometry to force the image size to exactly the size
you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the
image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If
only one factor is specified, both the width and height
assume the value.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. The image size is multiplied by the width and
height percentages to obtain the final image
dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a
value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an
image's size, use a percentage less than 100.
If the specified image size is smaller than the actual
image size, the image is first reduced to an integral
of the specified image size with an antialias digital
filter. The image is then scaled to the exact
specified image size with pixel replication. If the
specified image size is greater than the actual image
size, the image is first enlarged to an integral of the
specified image size with bilinear interpolation. The
image is then scaled to the exact specified image size
with pixel replication.
When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset> and
<y offset> is relative to the root window.
The equivalent X resource for this option is geometry
(class Geometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
-interlace type
the type of interlacing scheme: NONE, LINE, or PLANE.
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing
scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. NONE
means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), LINE
uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and PLANE uses
plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).
Use LINE, or PLANE to create an interlaced GIF image.
-map type
display image using this Standard Colormap type.
Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
best
default
gray
red
green
blue
The X server must support the Standard Colormap you
choose, otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the
type and animate(1) searches the list of colormap types
in top-to-bottom order until one is located. See
xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard Colormaps.
-monochrome
transform the image to black and white.
-scene value{-value}
image scene number.
Use this option to specify an image sequence with a
single filename. See the discussion of file below for
details.
-size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+colors}{!}
width and height of the image.
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw
images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB,
or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to
tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g.
-size 640x512+256).
-treedepth value
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or
one tells animate to choose a optimal tree depth for
the color reduction algorithm.
An optimal depth generally allows the best
representation of the source image with the fastest
computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some
images. To assure the best representation, try values
between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
-verbose
print detailed information about the image.
This information is printed: image scene number; image
name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or
PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and
the number of seconds to read and transform the image.
Refer to miff(5) for a description of the image class.
If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors
in the image and color reduction error values are
printed. Refer to quantize(9) for a description of
these values.
-visual type
animate images using this visual type.
Choose from these visual classes:
StaticGray
GrayScale
StaticColor
PseudoColor
TrueColor
DirectColor
default
visual id
The X server must support the visual you choose,
otherwise an error occurs. If a visual is not
specified, the visual class that can display the most
simultaneous colors on the default screen is choosen.
-window id
set the background pixmap of this window to the image.
id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select
X's root window as the target window.
By default the image is tiled onto the background of
the target window. If -backdrop or -geometry are
specified, the image is surrounded by the background
color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.
The image will not display on the root window if the
image has more unique colors than the target window
colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of
colors.
In addition to those listed above, you can specify these
standard X resources as command line options: -background,
-bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground,
-iconGeometry, -iconic, -mattecolor, -name, or -title. See
X RESOURCES for details.
Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect
until it is explicitly changed by specifying the option
again with a different effect. For example, to animate two
images, the first with 32 colors and the second with only 16
colors, use:
animate -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -colors 16 cockatoo.2
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
different effect.
Change - to + in any option above to reverse its effect.
For example, specify +dither to not apply error diffusion to
an image.
By default, the image format is determined by its magic
number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
(i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
formats.
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected
by clicking the mouse in the desired window.
Specify file as - for standard input, If file has the
extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with
uncompress or gunzip respectively. Precede the image file
name with | to pipe from a system command.
Single images are read with the filename you specify.
Alternatively, you can animate an image sequence with a
single filename. Define the range of the image sequence
with -scene. Each image in the range is read with the
filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number.
You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format
specification in the file name. For example,
-scene 0-9 image%02d.miff
animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through
image09.miff.
Image filenames may appear in any order on the command line
if the image format is MIFF (refer to miff(5) and the scene
keyword is specified in the image. Otherwise the images
will display in the order they appear on the command line.
BUTTONS
Press any button to map or unmap the Command widget. See
the next section for more information about the Command
widget.
COMMAND WIDGET
The Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands.
They are
Animate
Play
Step
Repeat
Auto Reverse
Speed
Slower
Faster
Direction
Forward
Reverse
Image Info
Help
Quit
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They
are represented above as the indented items. To access a
sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and
press a button and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu
item, release the button and the command is executed. Move
the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to
execute a particular command.
KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS
p Press to animate the sequence of images.
s Press to display the next image in the sequence.
. Press to continually display the sequence of images.
a Press to automatically reverse the sequence of images.
< Press to slow the display of the images. Refer to
-delay for more information.
> Press to speed-up the display of the images. Refer to
-delay for more information.
f Press to animate in the forward direction.
r Press to animate in the reverse direction.
i Press to display information about the image. Press
any key or button to erase the information.
This information is printed: image name; image size;
and the total number of unique colors in the image.
h Press to display helpful information about animate(1).
Function keys HELP or F1 are synonymous with the h key.
q Press to discard all images and exit program.
X RESOURCES
animate options can appear on the command line or in your X
resource file. Options on the command line supersede values
specified in your X resource file. See X(1) for more
information on X resources.
All animate options have a corresponding X resource. In
addition, the animate program uses the following X
resources:
background (class Background)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image
window background. The default is #ccc.
borderColor (class BorderColor)
Specifies the preferred color to use for the Image
window border. The default is black.
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
Specifies the width in pixels of the Image window
border. The default is 2.
font (class Font or FontList)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
normal formatted text. The default is 14 point
Helvetica.
foreground (class Foreground)
Specifies the preferred color to use for text within
the Image window. The default is black.
geometry (class geometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the image
window. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window
managers.
iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
Specifies the preferred size and position of the
application when iconified. It is not necessarily
obeyed by all window managers.
iconic (class Iconic)
This resource indicates that you would prefer that the
application's windows initially not be visible as if
the windows had be immediately iconified by you.
Window managers may choose not to honor the
application's request.
matteColor (class MatteColor)
Specify the color of windows. It is used for the
backgrounds of windows, menus, and notices. A 3D
effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow
colors derived from this color. Default value: #ddd.
name (class Name)
This resource specifies the name under which resources
for the application should be found. This resource is
useful in shell aliases to distinguish between
invocations of an application, without resorting to
creating links to alter the executable file name. The
default is the application name.
sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
This resource specifies whether animate should attempt
use shared memory for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be
compiled with shared memory support, and the display
must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this
resource is ignored. The default is True.
text_font (class textFont)
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in
fixed (typewriter style) formatted text. The default
is 14 point Courier.
title (class Title)
This resource specifies the title to be used for the
Image window. This information is sometimes used by a
window manager to provide some sort of header
identifying the window. The default is the image file
name.
ENVIRONMENT
display
To get the default host, display number, and screen.
SEE ALSO
display(1), import(1), montage(1), mogrify(1), convert(1),
segment(1), combine(1), xtp(1)
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1995 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this
software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby
granted without fee, provided that the above copyright
notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright
notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours
and Company not be used in advertising or publicity
pertaining to distribution of the software without specific,
written prior permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company makes no representations about the suitability of
this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
without express or implied warranty.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all
warranties with regard to this software, including all
implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no
event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable
for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any
damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or
profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or
other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with
the use or performance of this software.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics
a reality.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial
implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for
providing a computing environment that made this program
possible.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute, for the
original idea of using space subdivision for the color
reduction algorithm.
AUTHORS
John Cristy, E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
Incorporated